Complicaciones de cirugía de Whipple en un paciente pediátrico con tumor pseudopapilar de páncreas / Complications of Whipple procedure in a pediatric patient with pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas

Las neoplasias de páncreas son una entidad poco frecuente en pediatría; el tumor pseudopapilar de páncreas (TSP) es el más comúnmente diagnosticado. Habitualmente, se localizan en la cabeza del páncreas. La cirugía de Whipple o pancreatoduodenectomía es la técnica elegida para el tratamiento de los tumores benignos o malignos de páncreas. Si bien la mortalidad conocida ha descendido en los últimos años, debido a la mayor experiencia de los cirujanos y al mejor cuidado pre- y posoperatorio, la morbilidad se ha mantenido elevada secundaria a las complicaciones asociadas. Dentro de estas se destacan retardo en el vaciamiento gástrico, colecciones intraabdominales, fístula pancreática, reestenosis del sitio quirúrgico y hemorragia pospancreatectomía. Se presenta el caso clínico de una niña de 13 años con diagnóstico de TSP que recibió tratamiento quirúrgico efectivo desde el punto de vista oncológico, pero que requirió una internación prolongada secundaria a las complicaciones quirúrgicas.

Pancreatic neoplasms are rare in pediatrics; the pseudopapillary tumor (PPT) of the pancreas is the most common. PPTs of the pancreas are usually located in the head of the pancreas. A pancreaticoduodenectomy or Whipple procedure is the technique of choice for the treatment of benign or malignant pancreatic tumors. Although mortality for this cause has decreased in recent years, due to the greater experience of surgeons and improved pre- and postoperative care, morbidity has remained high secondary to associated complications. These include delayed gastric emptying, intra-abdominal collections, pancreatic fistula, surgical site restenosis, and post-pancreatectomy hemorrhage. Here we describe the clinical case of a 13-year-old girl diagnosed with PPT of the pancreas who underwent an effective surgery in terms of cancer treatment, but who required a prolonged hospitalization secondary to surgical complications.

The 501st case: elevated blood glucose, chronic pancreatitis, and post- pancreatoduodenectomy malnutrition / 中华内科杂志

A 50-year-old man with a 15-year history of elevated blood glucose and an approximately 2-year history of diarrhea was admitted to the Peking Union Medical College Hospital. The initial diagnosis was type 2 diabetes. After repeated pancreatitis and pancreatoduodenectomy, severe pancreatic endocrine and exocrine dysfunction including alternating high and low blood glucose and fat diarrhea occurred. Tests for type 1 diabetes-related antibodies were all negative, C-peptide levels were substantially reduced, fat-soluble vitamin levels were reduced, and there was no obvious insulin resistance. Therefore, a diagnosis of pancreatic diabetes was clear. The patient was given small doses of insulin and supplementary pancreatin and micronutrients. Diarrhea was relieved and blood glucose was controlled. The purpose of this article is to raise clinicians' awareness of the possibility of pancreatic diabetes after pancreatitis or pancreatic surgery. Timely intervention and monitoring may reduce the occurrence of complications.

Advances in the study of postpancreatectomy acute pancreatitis / 中华外科杂志

Postpancreatectomy acute pancreatitis (PPAP) is an acute inflammation of the remnant pancreas in the early postoperative period caused by a variety of factors. With the progress of related research,PPAP has been confirmed as an independent risk factor for many severe complications such as postoperative pancreatic fistula. In some cases, it progresses to necrotizing PPAP, increasing the risk of mortality. Currently, the International Study Group for Pancreatic Surgery has standardized and graded PPAP as an independent complication, taking into account factors including serum amylase, radiological features, and clinical impact. This review summarizes how the concept of PPAP was proposed, as well as the latest progress in the research related to its etiology, prognosis, prevention, and treatment. However, given the large heterogeneity of relevant studies and the fact that they were mostly retrospective, in the future, it is necessary to place more emphasis on PPAP and elucidate the problems through more standardized studies to optimize strategies for the prevention and management of complications after pancreatic surgery.

The guideline for prevention and treatment of common complications after pancreatic surgery (2022) / 中华外科杂志

In order to further standardize the prevention and treatment of postoperative complications of pancreatic surgery, the editorial board of the Chinese Journal of Surgery organized relevant experts to formulate this guideline under the promotion of the Study Group of Pancreatic Surgery in China Society of Surgery of Chinese Medical Association and Pancreatic Disease Committee of China Research Hospital Association. According to the grading of recommendations assessment, development, and evaluation system, this guide discusses the hot issues on postoperative complications such as pancreatic fistula, biliary fistula, chylous fistula, post-pancreatectomy hemorrhage, abdominal infection, delayed gastric emptying, etc., quantitatively evaluates the level of evidence in clinical studies, and forms recommendations after repeatedly consulting. It is hoped to provide reference for pancreatic surgeons in the prevention and treatment of postoperative complications.

Complicaciones pospancreatoduodenectomía de tumores periampulares en una unidad de cirugía hepatopancreatobiliar / Post pancreaticoduodenectomy complications of periampullary tumors in a hepatopancreatobiliary surgery unit

Resumen Introducción: Los tumores periampulares se definen como lesiones ubicadas en un radio de 2 cm alrededor de la ampolla de Vater, constituidos por 4 tipos de neoplasias con una alta tasa de malignidad que pueden originarse en páncreas, ampolla, vía biliar distal o duodeno. El manejo quirúrgico a través de la pancreatoduodenectomía sigue siendo la mejor elección en términos de resección curativa. Objetivo: Caracterizar los tumores peri-ampulares tratados en nuestra institución y que fueron llevados a pancreatoduodenectomía, asociando la relación entre tipo de tumor y complicaciones posoperatorias. Material y Método: Estudio transversal, retrospectivo y observacional con seguimiento a 45 pacientes sometidos a pancreatoduodenectomía en el Hospital Internacional de Colombia - Fundación Cardiovascular entre enero de 2011 y marzo de 2020 con diagnostico histopatológico de tumor peri-ampular. Resultados: Se realizaron 75 pancreatoduodenectomía de las cuales 45 pacientes presentaron tumor peri-ampular, siendo de origen pancreático en un 44%, seguido de ampolla 40%, vía biliar distal 8,8% y duodenal 6,6%. Las complicaciones posoperatorias más frecuentes fueron fístula pancreática y vaciamiento gástrico retardado. Falleció 1 paciente. Conclusión: La pancreatoduodenectomía es un procedimiento con alta morbilidad. Gracias al avance tecnológico, el diagnóstico de patología peri ampular es cada vez más exacto. El tipo de tumor peri-ampular puede influir no solo en su pronóstico, sino también en su morbilidad posquirúrgica.

Introduction: Periampullary tumors are defined as lesions that are located in a radius of 2 centimeters around the ampulla of Vater, constituted by 4 types of neoplasms with a high rate of malignancy originated in the pancreas, ampulla, distal bile duct or duodenum. Surgical management through the pancreatoduodenectomy remains the best choice in terms of curative resection. Objetive: To characterize periampullary tumors treated in our institution with pancreatoduodenectomy, associating the relationship between tumor type and postoperative complications. Material and Method: Cross-sectional, retrospective, observational study with a follow-up of 45 patients underwent pancreatoduodenectomy in the Hospital Internacional de Colombia - Fundación Cardiovascular between January 2011 and March 2020 with histopathological diagnosis of periampullary tumor. Results: Were performed 75 pancreatoduodenectomies, 45 patients presented with Periampullary tumor, 44% being of pancreatic origin, followed by ampulla 40%, distal bile duct 8.8% and duodenal 6.6%. Most frequent postoperative complications were pancreatic fistula and delayed gastric emptying. Mortality was of 1 patient. Conclusión: Pancreatoduodenectomy is a procedure with a high morbidity rate. Thanks to technological advances, the diagnosis of periampullary pathology is increasingly accurate. The type of periampullary tumor may influence not only in its prognosis, but also in its post-surgical morbidity.

Analysis of influencing factors on surgical outcome and exploration of technical principles during pancreaticojejunostomy / 中华外科杂志

Pancreaticojejunostomy is the most common anastomosis following pancreaticoduodenectomy and middle pancreatectomy. The detailed surgical technics of pancreaticojejunostomy vary dramatically, but none of them can achieve zero fistula rate. In recent years,with the development of new surgical concept,application of new surgical technology, high-tech materials and instruments,the incidence of pancreatic fistula has decreased. At the same time,researches on investigating the risk factors of pancreaticojejunostomy are gradually deepening. Based on years of surgical experience on pancreaticojejunostomy and current literatures, this paper analyzes the factors affecting the effect of pancreaticojejunostomy, such as the patient's basic physical state,pancreatic texture and diameter of the pancreatic duct,pathology and course of the disease,surgical technology and perioperative management,and summarizes six technical principles for pancreaticojejunostomy to be shared with surgical comrades:appropriate tension,protection of blood supply,hermetic closure of pancreatic section,accurate connection of pancreatic duct and intestinal mucosa,individualization,learning and accumulation of experience.

Risk factors of newly developed nonalcoholic fatty liver disease after pancreaticoduodenectomy / 中华外科杂志

Objective: To identify the risk factors of newly developed nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) after pancreaticoduodenectomy(PD). Methods: The clinical data of 130 patients who had undergone PD at Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Nanjing University from June 2018 to December 2020 were collected retrospectively. There were 74 males and 56 females, with age(M(IQR)) of 62(16) years (range: 22 to 84 years). Twenty-nine patients who developed NAFLD were divided into NAFLD group and 101 patients who did not suffer NAFLD were divided into no NAFLD group. Observation indications included:(1)preoperative demographics,intraoperative and postoperative characteristics; (2)the risk factors of newly developed NAFLD after PD. Count data were analyzed using χ2 test or Fisher's exact test. Measurement data were analyzed by student t test or Mann-Whitney U test. Multivariate analysis was performed using Logistic regression model with a stepwise forward approach. Results: All 130 patients successfully underwent PD and 29 cases(22.3%) developed NAFLD in 6 months after PD. The results of univariate analysis showed that gender,diabetic mellitus,the level of triglyceride preoperatively,and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma were the related factors of the development of NAFLD after PD(t=-2.655, χ²=4.563,U=-2.192,χ²=7.044;all P<0.05).Multivariate analysis revealed that gender,body mass index and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma were independent risk factors for the development of NAFLD after PD(OR=2.849,1.214,4.165,all P<0.05). Conclusion: Gender, body mass index and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma were independent risk factors for the development of NAFLD after PD.

What factors contribute to delayed gastric emptying after duodenopancreatectomy with piloric preservation? / Que fatores contribuem para retardo do esvaziamento gástrico após duodenopancreatectomia com preservação pilórica?

ABSTRACT Background: The delay in gastric emptying is the second most frequent complication after duodenopancreatectomy with pyloric preservation, that increases hospitalization time and hospital costs. Aim: To identify factors that contribute to the appearance the delay in this surgical procedure. Method: Ninety-five patients were submitted to duodenopancreatectomy with pyloric preservation. After retrospective analysis of the medical records, it was observed that 60 had prolonged hospitalization due to complications. Thus, univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to analyze predictors of delayed gastric emptying. Results: Delay was present in 65% (n=39) and pancreatic fistula in 38.3% (n=23). Univariate analysis revealed that the presence of pancreatic complications (pancreatic fistula, p=0.01), other intracavitary complications with the appearance of abdominal collections (p=0.03) and hypoalbuminemia (p=0.06) were responsible, also confirmed by the multivariate analysis. In those who presented delay without a determined cause, it was observed that high levels of total bilirubin (p=0.01) and direct bilirubin (p=0.01) could be related to it. Conclusion: The delay in gastric emptying in patients undergoing duodenopancreatectomy with pyloric preservation is due to intracavitary complications.

RESUMO Racional: O retardo do esvaziamento gástrico é a segunda complicação mais frequente após a realização da duodenopancreatectomia com preservação pilórica, aumentando o tempo de internação e custos hospitalares. Objetivo: Identificar fatores que contribuem para o aparecimento desse retardo nesse procedimento cirúrgico. Método: Noventa e cinco doentes foram submetidos à duodenopancreatectomia com preservação pilórica. Após análise retrospectiva dos prontuários observou-se que 60 apresentaram internação prolongada por complicações. Assim, utilizou-se a regressão logística uni e multivariada para análise de fatores preditores do retardo. Resultados: O retardo esteve presente em 65% (n=39) e a fístula pancreática em 38,3% (n=23). A análise univariada revelou que a presença de complicações pancreáticas (fístula pancreática, p=0,01), outras complicações intracavitárias com aparecimento de coleções abdominais (p=0,03) e hipoalbuminemia (p=0,06) foram os responsáveis, resultados estes também confirmados pela análise mutilvariada. Naqueles que apresentaram retardo sem causa determinada, observou-se que níveis elevados de bilirrubina total (p=0,01) e bilirrubina direta (p=0,01) poderiam estar relacionados a ele. Conclusão: O retardo do esvaziamento gástrico nos pacientes submetidos à duodenopancreatectomia com preservação pilórica é decorrente de complicações intracavitárias.

Pancreatitis aguda posduodenopancreatectomía cefálica con complicaciones locales / Acute pancreatitis with local complications after cephalic pancreaticoduodenectomy

RESUMEN Antecedentes: la pancreatitis aguda posduodenopancreatectomía cefálica inmediata es una complica ción cuya frecuencia puede llegar al 55% y condiciona la aparición de fístula pancreática. Objetivo: describir el manejo de 3 pacientes que presentaron pancreatitis aguda posduodenopancrea tectomía con complicaciones locales y realizar una revisión de la literatura. Material y métodos: se revisó una base de datos prospectiva de resecciones pancreáticas. Se identifi caron los pacientes con diagnóstico de pancreatitis aguda con lesiones locales posterior a la realización de duodenopancreatectomía. Se definió fístula pancreática de acuerdo con la clasificación del ISGPF y pancreatitis como la elevación de la amilasa o lipasa tres veces por encima del máximo valor sérico normal en asociación con dolor abdominal o confirmación radiológica. Resultados: entre 2008 y 2019 los autores realizaron 260 duodenopancreatectomías. Tres pacientes presentaron pancreatitis posoperatoria con complicaciones locales. Conclusiones: la pancreatitis aguda posoperatoria es una complicación de una frecuencia elevada. La mayoría de ellas se resuelven en forma espontánea. Pocos pacientes presentan complicaciones locales que pueden requerir tratamiento percutáneo o quirúrgico, predisponiendo al desarrollo de fístulas a veces de difícil manejo. No hay forma de prevenir la aparición de la fístula pancreática. El tratamiento de las complicaciones locales se realizará de acuerdo con su aparición y repercusión, pudiendo requerir desde la colocación de un drenaje percutáneo hasta la pancreatectomía total.

ABSTRACT Background: The incidence of acute pancreatitis immediately after cephalic pancreaticoduodenec tomy is up to 55% and is associated with the development of pancreatic fistula. Objective: The aim of this study is to report three cases of acute pancreatitis after pancreaticoduode nectomy with local complications with a review of the literature. Material and methods: The information about pancreatic resections was retrieved from a prospective database. Patients with diagnosis acute pancreatitis with local lesions immediately after pancreatico duodenectomy were identified. Pancreatic fistula was defined according to the International Study Group on Pancreatic Fistula (ISGPF) Definition and pancreatitis was defined as serum amylase or lipase >3x upper limit of normal associated with abdominal pain or imaging criteria. Results: A total of 260 pancreaticoduodenectomies were performed between 2008 and 2019. Three patients developed postoperative acute pancreatitis with local complications. Conclusions: Postoperative acute pancreatitis is a common complication that solves spontaneously in most cases. Few patients present local complications that may require percutaneous or surgical treatment, which may predispose to the development of fistulas that are sometimes difficult to mana ge. There is no way to prevent pancreatic fistulas. Local complications will be treated according to their occurrence and impact, and may require a variety of procedures, ranging from percutaneous drainage to total pancreatectomy.

Efectos de la curva de aprendizaje en los resultados de la duodenopancreatectomía cefálica en un hospital de nivel II / Effects of the learning curve on the results of cephalic pancreaticoduodenectomy in a level II hospital

Resumen Introducción: La duodeno pancreatectomía cefálica es una operación compleja cuyos resultados a corto plazo son multifactoriales. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de la curva de aprendizaje en los resultados a corto plazo de la duodenopancreatectomía cefálica en un hospital de nivel II. Materiales y Método: Se analizaron los datos obtenidos a partir de una base de datos mantenida prospectivamente desde 2005. Se definieron dos periodos de tiempo: de 2005 a 2011 y de 2012 a 2017. Se compararon la morbilidad, mortalidad y estancia postoperatoria de ambos períodos. Resultados: Durante el período de tiempo estudiado se hicieron 126 duodenopancreatectomías cefálicas, 61 durante la primera etapa y 65 durante la segunda. La tasa de transfusión intraoperatoria se redujo de 33% a 15% (p = 0,011). La tasa de transfusión postoperatoria se redujo de 39 a 23% (p = 0,021). No hubo diferencias significativas con respecto a la incidencia global de complicaciones postoperatorias (59% y 52,3%). La incidencia de abscesos intraabdominales fue significativamente menor en el segundo período (18% y 4,6%, respectivamente; p = 0,038). La tasa de reintervenciones se redujo significativamente, de 22% a 9% (p = 0,049). También se redujo significativamente la tasa de mortalidad, de 6,56% a 0% (p = 0,032). La estancia media postoperatoria disminuyó significativamente en el segundo período, pasando de 19,6 a 15,8 días (p = 0,001), con una mayor proporción de pacientes dados de alta en los 8 primeros días de postoperatorio (11,5% y 38,5%, respectivamente; p = 0,001). Conclusión: La curva de aprendizaje es un factor que permite mejorar los resultados de la duodenopancreatectomía cefálica, en un hospital de nivel II, hasta alcanzar valores similares a los de un hospital de nivel III.

Introduction: The duodenum pancreatectomy cephalic is a complex operation whose short-term results are multifactorial. Aim: To assess the impact of the learning curve on the short-term outcomes of cephalic duodenopancreatectomy at a level II hospital. Materials Method: We analyze the data obtained from a database maintained prospectively since 2005. Two time periods were defined: from 2005 to 2011 and from 2012 to 2017. The morbidity, mortality and postoperative stay of both periods were compared. Results: 126 cephalic duodenopancreatectomies were performed, 61 during the first period and 65 during the second. The intraoperative transfusion rate was reduced from 33% to 15% (p = 0.011). The postoperative transfusion rate was reduced from 39 to 23% (p = 0.021). There were no significant differences with respect to the overall incidence of postoperative complications (59% and 52.3%, respectively). However, the incidence of intra-abdominal abscesses was significantly lower in the second period (18% and 4.6%, respectively, p = 0.038). The rate of reoperations was significantly reduced, from 22% to 9% (p = 0.049). The mortality rate was also significantly reduced, from 6.56% to 0% (p = 0.032). The mean postoperative stay decreased significantly in the second period, from 19.6 to 15.8 days (p = 0.001), with a higher proportion of patients discharged in the first 8 postoperative days (11.5% and 38.5%, respectively, p = 0.001). Conclusion: The learning curve is a factor allows improving the results of cephalic pancreaticoduodenectomy, in a level II hospital, until reaching values similar to those of a level III hospital.

Fístula pancreática posduodenopancreatectomía: Pancreatogastrostomía vs. Pancreatoyeyunostomía / Pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy: Pancreaticogastrostomy vs. Pancreaticojejunostomy

Antecedentes: la duodenopancreatectomía (DPC) continúa siendo el tratamiento de elección para los tumores periampulares. Con una mortalidad de alrededor del 5% y una morbilidad que puede llegar a alrededor del 50%, la fístula pancreática es todavía la complicación preponderante. Diversos autores sostienen que la anastomosis del páncreas con el estómago tiene menor índice de fístula que cuando se realiza con el yeyuno. Objetivo: comparar la incidencia de fístula pancreática en las pancreatogastrostomías (PG) versus pancreatoyeyunostomías (PY). Evaluar algunos factores de riesgo de fístula. Material y métodos: se evaluaron 91 DPC, 43 de ellas con reconstrucción con PG y 48 con PY. Se evaluaron datos demográficos, quirúrgicos, y se comparó la incidencia de fístula entre ambos. Resultados: la incidencia global de fístula fue de 13 pacientes (14,3%), 5 de las cuales fueron de relevancia clínica. En la comparación de ambos grupos hubo diferencias en cuanto a edad y número de pacientes con Wirsung < 3 mm, el resto de los parámetros fue similar. No hubo diferencias entre ambos grupos con respecto a la cantidad de fístulas (p: 0,478). Respecto de la evaluación de factores predisponentes para fístula, tan solo un diámetro del Wirsung < 3 mm fue significativo. Conclusión: en nuestra serie y al igual que en otras no hubo diferencias en cuanto a fístulas pancreáticas entre PG y PY, lo que nos permite inferir que la adopción y confección sistemática de una ellas obtendrá los mejores resultados.

Background: Pancreaticoduodenectomy is still the treatment of choice in patients with periampullary tumors. Pancreatic fistula is the most common complication with a mortality rate of 5% and 50% of morbidity. Some authors state that the anastomosis of the pancreas with the stomach would decrease the incidence of pancreatic fistula when compared with pancreaticojejunostomy. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the incidence of pancreatic fistula after pacreaticogastrostomy (PG) versus pancreaticojejunostomy (PJ) and analyze the risk factors associated with the development of fistula. Material and methods: 91 patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy were evaluated; 43 with PG reconstruction and 48 with PJ reconstruction. Demographic and surgical data were evaluated and the incidence of pancreatic fistula with both techniques was compared Results: The incidence of fistula for the total series was 14.3% (n = 13) and 5 were clinically relevant. There were differences in age and pancreatic duct diameter < 3 mm between the groups. The incidence of fistula was similar in both groups (p = 0.478). Pancreatic duct diameter < 3 mm was the only significant predisposing factor for the development of fistula. Conclusion: In our series, and in coincidence with others, there were no differences in the incidence of pancreatic fistulas between PG and PJ. Practicing and mastering a repetitive, standardized technique would yield the best results.

O valor da amilase, obtido precocemente nos drenos abdominais, é teste útil em prever a ocorrência de fístula pancreática após duodenopancreatectomia: lições aprendidas de um centro do Sul do Brasil / Early drain fluid amylase is useful to predict pancreatic fistula after pancreatoduodenectomy: lessons learned from a southern brazilian center

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Pancreatic fistula represents the most feared complication after pancreatoduodenectomies, being the major responsible for the high morbidity and mortality after this operation. Its incidence remains around 10% to 30%. In recent years, several authors have studied the value of amylase in abdominal drains fluid, measured at an early stage after the surgical procedure, as a useful tool to identify patients at risk of developing pancreatic fistula. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the value of early drain fluid amylase as a method to predict the occurrence and severity of postoperative pancreatic fistula in patients undergoing pancreatoduodenectomies. METHODS: We evaluated 102 prospective patients submitted to pancreatoduodenectomies from January 2013 to June 2017. The mensuration of amylase in abdominal drains was performed on days 1, 3, 5 and 7 in all patients. Patients were divided into three groups according to postoperative day 1 (POD1) results: values <270 U/L (group 1); between 271 and 5.000 U/L (group 2); and values >5.000 U/L (group 3). RESULTS: The incidence of pancreatic fistula was 25.5%, being 3.33%, 27.3% and 41.02% in the three groups, respectively. Compared with group 1, the risk of developing pancreatic fistula increased with increasing amylase values on POD1. Amylase values on POD1 and POD3 of patients with pancreatic fistula were higher than in the other ones without this complication (P<0.001). In addition, in group 3, 37.5% of patients with pancreatic fistula evolved to death (P<0.001). Finally, in this group, patients who died had drain fluid amylase values on POD1 significantly higher than the others in the same group (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Early drain fluid amylase value is a useful test to stratify patients in relation to the risk of developing pancreatic fistula after pancreatoduodenectomies, in addition to correlate with the severity of this complication.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: A fístula pancreática representa a complicação mais temida após as duodenopancreatectomias, sendo a grande responsável pela elevada morbi-mortalidade após esta operação. Sua incidência permanece em torno de 10% a 30%. Nos últimos anos, diversos trabalhos têm estudado o valor da amilase nos drenos abdominais, medido de forma precoce após o procedimento cirúrgico, como ferramenta útil para a identificação dos pacientes sob risco de desenvolver fístula pancreática. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o valor da amilase no fluido dos drenos abdominais, obtido precocemente no pós-operatório, como método para prever a ocorrência e severidade da fístula pancreática nos pacientes submetidos a duodenopancreatectomias. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 102 pacientes prospectivos submetidos a duodenopancreatectomias no período de janeiro de 2013 a junho de 2017. A dosagem da amilase nos drenos abdominais foi realizada nos dias 1, 3, 5 e 7 em todos os pacientes. Os pacientes foram divididos em três grupos conforme os resultados do 1o PO: valores <270 U/L (grupo 1); entre 271 e 5.000 U/L (grupo 2); e valores >5.000 U/L (grupo 3). RESULTADOS: A incidência de fístula pancreática foi de 25,5%, sendo 3,33%, 27,3% e 41,02% nos três grupos, respectivamente. Comparados ao grupo 1, o risco de desenvolver fístula pancreática foi crescente com o aumento da amilase no 1o PO. Os valores das amilases no 1o PO e 3o PO dos pacientes com fístula pancreática foram maiores do que nos pacientes sem essa complicação (P<0,001). Além disso, no grupo 3, 37,5% dos pacientes com fístula pancreática evoluíram para óbito (P<0,001). Por fim, neste grupo, os pacientes que evoluíram para óbito tiveram valores de amilase no 1o PO significativamente maiores do que os demais pacientes (P<0,001). CONCLUSÃO: O valor da amilase, medido de forma precoce nos drenos abdominais no pós-operatório de duodenopancreatectomias, é teste útil para estratificar pacientes em relação ao risco de apresentar fístula pancreática, além de se correlacionar com a severidade dessa complicação.

Pancreatoyeyunoanastomosis con técnica de Blumgart modificada para reconstrucción post-pancreatoduodenectomía: estudio de serie de casos con seguimiento / Pancreatojejunostomy with modified Blumgart technique for post-pancreatoduodenectomy reconstruction

Resumen Introducción: La pancreatoduodenectomía es una cirugía compleja, con cifras de morbilidad cercanas a 30% y mortalidad entre 1 a 5%. El principal factor responsable de morbilidad y mortalidad es la fístula pancreática posoperatoria (FPPO). En la actualidad no existe una técnica universalmente estandarizada para la reconstrucción pancreática. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de FPPO clínicamente relevante en una serie de pacientes en los que se realizó reconstrucción pancreática con pancreatoyeyunoanasto- mosis con técnica de Blumgart modificada para reconstrucción post-pancreatoduodenectomía en Hospital Hernán Henríquez Aravena entre los años 2014-2017. Material y Método: Serie de casos con seguimiento de julio de 2014 a abril de 2017. Se incluyeron pacientes a quienes se realizó reconstrucción pancreática con técnica de Blumgart modificada. La modificación consistió en el uso de pledgets® (poli-tetrafluoro- etileno) en los puntos iniciales en el páncreas con la idea de disminuir la posibilidad de desgarro del tejido. Se excluyeron pacientes a quienes se realizó otra técnica de reconstrucción. Se consideró FPPO clínicamente relevante (grado B/C) para evaluar morbilidad. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva con medidas de tendencia central y dispersión. Resultados: Serie de casos de 12 pacientes, 9 (75%) de género femenino y 3 (25%) de género masculino. La edad promedio fue de 59 ± 8,5 años. La morbilidad fue de 25% y la tasa de fístula grado B/C fue 0%. Todas las fístulas pancreáticas fueron grado A (33,3%), sin relevancia clínica. Conclusión: La técnica de Blumgart modificada parece ser una técnica segura y reproducible para pancreato-yeyuyoanastomosis.

Introduction: Pancreatoduodenectomy is a complex surgery, with morbidity close to 30% and mortality between 1% and 5%. The main contributing factor to morbidity and mortality is postoperative pancrea- tic fistula (POPF). At present, there is no globally standardized technique for pancreatic reconstruction. Aim: To determine the prevalence of clinically relevant POPF in a sample of patients who underwent pancreaticojejunal anastomosis reconstruction with Blumgart's modified technique for post-pancreato- duodenectomy reconstruction at Hospital Hernán Henríquez Aravena between 2014 and 2017. Material and Method: Case series with follow-up from july 2014 to april 2017. Patients who underwent pancreatic reconstruction with Blumgart's modified technique were included. The modification consisted of the use of Pledgets® (poly-tetrafluoro-ethylene) at the inicial points in páncreas with the idea of reducing the possibility of tissue tearing. We excluded patients who underwent another reconstruction technique. Clinically relevant POPF (grade B/C) was considered to asses morbidity. Descriptive statistics were used with measures of central tendency and dispersion. Results: Case series of 12 patients, 9 (75%) were female and 3 (25%) were male. The mean age was 59 ± 8.5 years. The morbidity was 25% and the rate of grade B/C fistula was 0%. All pancreatic fistulas were grade A, not clinically relevant. Conclusion: The Blumgart's modified technique seems to be a safe and reproducible technique for pancreticojejunal anastomosis.

Pancreatoduodenectomía: experiencia, morbilidad y resultados / Pancreatoduodenectomy: experience, morbidity and results

Introducción: El 80% de los pacientes con cáncer de páncreas son diagnostcados en estadío tardío, y la sobrevida a los cinco años es menor del 2% sintratamiento. La resección quirúrgica parece ofrecer el único medio que extende la sobrevida hasta un 20% en el primer año, es necesario conocer lastasas de morbi-mortalidad en las insttuciones que cuentan con un equipo de cirujanos entrenados en cirugía hepatopancreatobiliar.Método: Se realizó una revisión retrospectva, observacional y descriptva de cinco años (2010-2015), de pacientes sometdos a pancreatoduodenectomíaspor cáncer de páncreas, determinando morbilidad y sobrevida. El análisis se dividió en dos períodos: Primer período 2010-2011 y el Segundoperíodo del 2012-2015.Resultados: Se analizaron 41 pacientes que presentaron 11(26.82%) complicaciones; cuatro fstulas pancreátcas y una fstula biliar consideradas comocomplicaciones mayores entre el primer período; el resto fueron por infección de herida operatoria reportadas en el segundo período, clasifcadascomo menores. Se reportaron tres (7.31%) casos de mortalidad durante el primer período. La sobrevida a los 5 años en nuestro estudio es 25%. Nose encontró diferencia en el promedio de complicaciones mayores, ni menores, ni de mortalidad entre el primer período y el segundo (p=0.18, p=0.1,p=0.25, respectvamente).Conclusión: Es necesario un razonable nivel de experiencia en pancreatoduodenectomías para alcanzar bajos niveles de morbi-mortalidad postoperatoria.

Background: At the tme of diagnosis, eighty percent of pancreatc cancer patents have advanced disease and a fve-year survival rate less than 2%without any treatment. Surgical resecton is the only treatment that extends survival rate to 20%. Every insttuton that performs pancreatc surgeriesneed to know their mortality rates.Methods: A retrospectve study of pancreatc cancer patents surgically treated from 2010 to 2015 in which pancreatoduodenectomy was performed.The morbidity, mortality and survival rate were analyzed divided by frst (2010-2011) and second (2012-2015) periods.Results: Forty one patents were analyzed. Complicaton rate was 26.82% (11/41): 5 major complicatons: 4 pancreatc fstulas and one biliary fstulapresented during the frst period. The rest were minor complicatons: surgical site infectons presented during the second period. Mortality rate was7.31% during the frst period. There was no mortality in the second period. Survival rate at 5 years was 25%. No statstcal diference was found for majoror minor complicaton rate nor for mortality between the frst or second period; (p=0.18, p=0.1, p=0.25, respectvely).Conclusions: Experience in pancreatoduodenectomy is necessary for low morbidity and mortality rates.

Resultados del tratamiento de 215 tumores pancreáticos y periampulares en el Hospital Hermanos Ameijeiras / Results of the treatment for 215 pancreatic and periampular tumors at Hermanos Ameijeiras hospital

Introducción. el cáncer pancreático es una de las neoplasias más letales, ocupa el quinto lugar en frecuencia en occidente y tiene una supervivencia asociada inferior al 20 por ciento al año y al 3 por ciento a los 5 años. La única posibilidad de curación la brindan intervenciones quirúrgicas de gran envergadura que conllevan una alta tasa de morbilidad y mortalidad. Objetivo: caracterizar a los pacientes según variables demográficas, enfermedades asociadas y manifestaciones clínicas, e identificar estudios de mayor valor para el diagnóstico y la relación entre las variables perioperatorias y la aparición de complicaciones, mortalidad hospitalaria y evolucion posoperatoria. Métodos. se realizó un estudio observacional, longitudinal y prospectivo con pacientes con tumores pancreáticos y periampulares que fueron tratados en el Servicio de Cirugía General del Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Hermanos Ameijeiras entre enero de 2006 y diciembre de 2011. Resultados. hubo un total de 215 pacientes con tumores de páncreas: 178 lesiones periampulares y 37 lesiones del cuerpo y la cola de páncreas. Se resecaron 24 lesiones pancreáticas distales y fueron intervenidos quirúrgicamente 153 pacientes con lesiones periampulares, de las cuales se resecaron 83. Se realizaron 78 pancreatoduodenectomías cefálicas y la localización más frecuente fue la ampolla de Vater (36 pacientes, 50,7 por ciento), seguida de la cabeza del páncreas (26 pacientes, 36,6 por ciento). Hubo complicaciones en el 66,2 por ciento de los pacientes. La mortalidad perioperatoria fue del 4,2 por ciento y la hospitalaria del 23,9 por ciento. Conclusiones. los tumores periampulares fueron más frecuentes entre los 50 y 69 años. La enfermedad asociada más frecuente fue la hipertensión arterial, y la ictericia, el síntoma fundamental. La colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica fue el examen de mayor sensibilidad. La mortalidad hospitalaria estuvo relacionada con las enfermedades asociadas, el tiempo quirúrgico, la transfusión sanguínea operatoria y las complicaciones(AU)

Introduction: pancreatic cancer is one of the most deadly cancers; it ranks the 5th place in frequency in the Western countries and its associated survival is under 20 percent annually and lower than 3 percent at 5 years. The only chance for healing is surgery, usually complex interventions with high morbidity and mortality rates. Objetive: to characterize patients by demographic features, associated diseases, and clinical manifestations, and to identify more valuable studies for diagnosis and related peroperative variables associated with complications, mortality and evolution. Methods: prospective, longitudinal and observational study was conducted on patients diagnosed with pancreatic and periampular tumors, who were treated at the general surgery service of Hermanos Ameijeiras clinical and surgical hospital from January 2006 through December 2011. Results: a total of 215 patients with pancreatic tumors, 178 periampular lesions and 37 injures in the body and the pancreas head. Twenty four distal pancreatic lesions were resected whereas 153 periampular locations, 83 of them were ablated. There were 78 cephalic pancreatoduodenectomies and most frequent localization was Vater ampoule in 36 patients (50.7 percent), followed by the head of the pancreas in 26 patients (36.6 percent). Complications were found on 66.2 percent of cases. Perioperative mortality rate was 4.2 percent whereas hospital mortality amounted to 23.9 percent. Conclusions: periampular tumors were more common in patients aged 50 to 69 years; the most related disease was high blood pressure and the fundamental symptom was jaundice. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was the most sensible paraclinical test. In-hospital mortality was associated to related diseases, surgical time, blood transfusions and complications(AU)

LOW MORTALITY RATE IN 97 CONSECUTIVE PANCREATICODUODENECTOMIES: the experience of a group / Baixa mortalidade em 97 duodenopancreatectomias consecutivas: a experiência de um grupo

Context Pancreaticoduodenectomy is the procedure of choice for resectable cancer of the periampullary region. These tumors account for 4% of deaths from cancer, being referred to as one of the lowest survival rates at 5 years. Surgery remains a complex procedure with substantial morbidity and mortality. Despite reports of up to 30% mortality rates, in centers of excellence it have been identified as less than 5%. Recent studies show that pancreaticojejunostomy represents the “Achilles’ heel” of the procedure. Objective To evaluate the post-operative 30 days morbidity and mortality rates. Methods Retrospective analysis of 97 consecutive resected patients between July, 2000 and December, 2012. All patients were managed by the same group, and data were obtained from specific database service. The main objective was to evaluate the 30-day mortality rate, but we also studied data of surgical specimen, need for vascular resection and postoperative complications (gastric stasis, pancreatic fistula, pneumonia and reoperation rate). Results Thirty-day mortality rate was 2.1% (two patients). Complete resection with no microscopic residual tumor was obtained in 93.8% of patients, and in 67.3% of cases pathology did not detected metastatic nodes. Among postoperative complications were reported 6% of prolonged gastric stasis, 10.3% of pneumonia, 10.3% of pancreatic fistula and 1% of infection in the drain pathway. Two patients underwent reoperation due to bleeding and infected hematoma caused by pancreatic fistula, and another for intestinal obstruction because of adhesions at postoperative day 12. Conclusions The pancreaticoduodenectomy as treatment procedure for periampullary cancers has a low morbidity and mortality rate in services with experience in Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary surgery, remaining as first-line treatment in resectable patients. .

Contexto A duodenopancreatectomia é o procedimento de escolha para neoplasias ressecáveis da região periampolar. Estes tumores representam 4% dos óbitos por câncer, sendo referida como uma das mais baixas taxas de sobrevida em 5 anos. A cirurgia continua sendo um procedimento complexo com substancial morbi-mortalidade. Apesar dos relatos de até 30% de mortalidade, em serviços de excelência tem sido apontada como inferior a 5% e estudos recentes mostram que a pancreatojejunostomia representa o “tendão de Aquiles” do procedimento. Objetivo Avaliar a morbi-mortalidade em 30 dias nesta série de pacientes ressecados. Métodos Analisamos até o momento dados de 97 pacientes consecutivos submetidos à duodenopancreatectomia de julho de 2000 a dezembro de 2012. Todos os pacientes foram manejados pelo mesmo grupo e os dados obtidos de banco de dados específico do serviço. O objetivo principal era avaliar a mortalidade em 30 dias, mas também foi reportado os dados referentes ao espécime cirúrgico, a necessidade de ressecção vascular e complicações pós-operatórias (estase gástrica, fístula pancreática, pneumonia e taxa de reoperação). Resultados A mortalidade em 30 dias foi 2.1% (dois pacientes). Em 93.8% dos pacientes a ressecção foi completa com margem microscópica tumoral negativa e em 67.3% dos casos não se detectou linfonodos metastáticos ao estudo anatomopatológico. Entre as complicações pós-operatórias, foram relatadas 6% de estase gástrica prolongada, 10.3% de pneumonia, 10.3% de fístula pancreática e 1% de infecção no trajeto do dreno. Dois pacientes foram submetidos a reoperação devido a sangramento e hematoma infectado decorrente de fístula pancreática. Um paciente foi reoperado por ...

Nutrición y duodenopancreatectomía cefálica / [Nutrition and cephalic pancreaticoduodenectomy].

Cephalic pancreaticoduodenectomy (CPD) is the surgical procedure of choice for curative resection of pancreatic head and periampullary tumors. Preoperative nutritional intervention is crucial for reducing postoperative complications since malnutrition can be found in patients with these tumors. This malnutrition can get even worse during the postoperative period due to fasting and subsequent treatments. Besides, the surgical procedure entails surgical resections that alter the digestive process and can have long-term negative effects on the nutritional status. An aspect infrequently assessed is the alteration of exocrine and endocrine functions after surgery, that noticeably affects both the metabolic and general status of these patients. As regards long-term nutrition, there is no consensus on how to evaluate patients who have undergone a pancreatic resection. Consequently, early nutritional intervention since diagnosis may prevent or lessen the deterioration of nutritional status resulting from the disease itself as well as from the surgery and from the long term. The alimentary and nutritional education that would help the patient gain an adequate control of his metabolism and nutrition becomes vital.

Pseudoaneurisma de la vena porta como una complicación hemorrágica de Ia pancreatoduodenectomy: portal vein pseudoaneurysm as an hemorrhagic complication after pancreatoduodenectomy / Case report: portal vein pseudoaneurysm as an hemorrhagic complication after pancreatoduodenectomy

La pancreatoduodenectomía (cirugía de Whipple) es un procedimiento realizado frecuentemente para el manejo de neoplasias pancreáticas. Las complicaciones hemorrágicas de este procedimiento son bien conocidas, sin embargo, existe escasa información sobre el desarrollo de pseudoaneurisma portal como complicación de esta cirugía. Aquí presentamos un caso de pseudoaneurisma portal en una paciente de 76 años que evoluciona con hemorragia tardía post pancreatoduodenectomía. Se realiza una tomografía computada de abdomen que demuestra el pseudoaneurisma de la vena porta, que se corrobora quirúrgicamente como un desgarro de 2 centímetros en esta estructura. El pseudoaneurisma se desarrolla adyacente a un tubo de drenaje abdominal y en el intraoperatorio se evidencia filtración de la anastomosis, hallazgos también descritos en otro caso de pseudoaneurisma portal post pancreatoduodenectomía, situación que sugiere que estas condiciones pudiesen ser factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de esta complicación.

Pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple surgery) is a procedure commonly performed for the management of pancreatic neoplasms. Hemorrhagic complications for this procedure are well known, however, there is little information on the development of portal vein pseudoaneurysm as a complication of this surgery. We present a case of a 76 year old patient with portal vein pseudoaneurysm which formed as a result of lateonset bleeding after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Computed tomography of the abdomen was performed showing the portal vein pseudoaneurysm, which was surgically corroborated as a 2cm tear in this structure. The pseudoaneurysm developed adjacent to an abdominal drainage tube and in the intraoperative anastomotic leakage was evident, findings also described in another case of portal vein pseudoaneurysm after pancreaticoduodenectomy, a situation that suggests that these conditions might be risk factors for the development of this complication.

Impacto de la duodenopancreatectomía en los pacientes adultos mayores / Impact of duodenopancreatectomy in elder patients

La incidencia de las neoplasias peri ampulares se incrementa sustancialmente con la edad, teniendo en cuenta que la incidencia de estas neoplasias se presenta mucho más en pacientes mayores y que la expectativa de vida cada vez es más alta es muy difícil cuestionar la cirugía en este grupo de pacientes. Objetivo: Evaluar la conveniencia de realizar una duodenopancreatectomía en los pacientes adultos mayores y si ésta presenta mayores complicaciones y mortalidad en este grupo de pacientes. Materiales y métodos: Durante el periodo comprendido entre octubre del 2002 hasta junio del 2012 se realizó un estudio retrospectivo en 314 pacientes sometidos a una duodenopancreatectomía para evaluar si los pacientes ancianos presentaban una mayor morbilidad y mortalidad luego de esta cirugía. Se distribuyó a los pacientes en dos grupos de acuerdo a la edad. En el primero se incluyeron a 240 pacientes que eran menores de 75 años y en el segundo se incluyeron a 74 pacientes mayores de 75 años. No existió diferencia significativa en la morbilidad de los dos grupos. Resultados: La mortalidad general en toda la serie fue de 4%. En el primer grupo la mortalidad fue de 2,9% mientras que en el segundo grupo subió a 9,4% ,siendo esta diferencia significativa. Sin embargo, cuando redujimos la edad de comparación a 65 años y a 70 años pudimos comprobar que la diferencia ya no fue significativa. Conclusion: Luego de este estudio podemos afirmar que la edad mayor de 75 años aumenta el riesgo de mortalidad de manera significativa en los pacientes sometidos a una duodenopancreatectomía, pero no contraindica la cirugía ya que es la única opción para tratar de curar a una paciente con este tipo de cáncer.

The incidence of periampullary neoplasms substantially increases with age. If we take into account that this incidence is higher in the elder patient and that life expectancy is nowadays longer, questioning surgical approach in this group of patients turns out to be controversial. Objetive: Asses if in the elder patients the duodenopancreatectomy has a higher mortality and complications. Materials and methods: A retrospective study including patients who underwent duodenopancreatectomy between October 2002 and June 2012 was undertaken to assess whether the elder ones had a higher morbidity and mortality after surgery. Patients were distributed in two groups according to age. The first group included 240 patients younger than 75 years, and the second one included 74 patients older than 75 years. There wasn't NO significant difference in morbidity between the two groups. Results: General mortality for the whole series was 4%. The first group had a 2.9% mortality whereas in the second one mortality reached 4.9%, a significant difference. However, when we changed the reference age from 75 years to 65 or 70 years the difference was not significant any more. Conclusion: From this study we can ascertain that an age more than 75 years significantly increases the mortality risk in duodenopancreatectomy patients. This age, however, doesn't proscribe surgical approach, since surgery is the only choice for curative treatment in patients with this type of cancer.

Complicaciones de la pancreatoduodenectomía, diagnóstico y manejo / Diagnosis and management of pancreatoduodenectomy complications

Pancreatoduodenectomy continues to have a high rate of complications. The most common and severe complications are intra or postoperative bleeding, pancreatic fistulae and derangements of gastric emptying. Each of these requires a great deal of clinical suspicion and an multidisciplinary management. This is a review of these complications, their clinical manifestations and their management.

A pesar de la disminución observada en las cifras de mortalidad de la pancreatoduodenectomía, continúa siendo una intervención asociada a una alta tasa de complicaciones. Las más comunes y asociadas a una mayor morbimortalidad son: el sangrado intra y post operatorio, la fístula pancreática y trastornos asociados al vaciamiento gástrico. Cada una de los eventos anteriores, requiere de un alto grado de sospecha clínica y de un manejo de tipo multidisciplinario. En este reporte se analizan las complicaciones anteriormente descritas, sus manifestaciones clínicas y los principios de su manejo.